I-Transducer/sensor luhlobo lwesixhobo sokubona, likhonkco eliphambili ekufuneka liqatshelwe

ubhaqo oluzenzekelayo kunyeulawulo oluzenzekelayo.

         Iimpawu zenzwa ziquka: miniaturization, digitalization,

ubukrelekrele, imisebenzi emininzi, inkqubo yenkqubo kunye nothungelwano. Iqhelekile

yahlulwe ngokweendidi ezilishumi ngokomsebenzi wayo osisiseko wokuva, njenge

Isixhobo se-thermal, i-photosensor, inzwa yegesi, isivamvo samandla, isivamvo samagnetic,

isivamvo sokufuma, isivamvo sesandi, isivamvo semitha, isivamvo sombala kunye nesivamvo sokungcamla.

Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nemoto, ishishini kunye nokusetyenziswa.

Inzwa inokuziva ulwazi olulinganisiweyo, kwaye inokuguqula ulwazi oluzivayo

kwisignali yombane okanye olunye uhlobo olufunekayo lwemveliso yolwazi ngokwendlela

kumthetho othile ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zogqithiso lolwazi, ukusetyenzwa,

ukugcina, ukubonisa, ukurekhoda kunye nokulawula.